Categoria: Articles in English

La Messa come la voleva il Concilio – p. Joseph Fessio s.j.

Sorprenderà molti, ma non occorre alcuna autorizzazione per celebrare in latino. Infatti, non è possibile proibirlo, in quanto è ancora la lingua ufficiale della Chiesa cattolica romana e sempre adatta per la Santa Messa.

It may come as a surprise to many, but no permission is needed for celebrating Mass in Latin. In fact, the use of Latin cannot be prohibited. It is still the language of the Roman Catholic Church and always suitable for Holy Mass.

Traduzione italiana di D. Giorgio Rizzieri qui.

Original in English here.

16/3/2003

Card. Sarah to Sacra Liturgia UK 2016

It is very important that we return as soon as possible to a common orientation, of priests and the faithful turned together in the same direction—Eastwards or at least towards the apse—to the Lord who comes, in those parts of the liturgical rites when we are addressing God. This practice is permitted by current liturgical legislation. It is perfectly legitimate in the modern rite. Indeed, I think it is a very important step in ensuring that in our celebrations the Lord is truly at the centre.

Read the whole address in English here (in French here).

Ad Orientem (Facing East) vs. Versus Populum (Facing the People)

From this source:

Celebrating Mass Ad Orientem (towards the East) or as most people wrongly say “with the priest’s back to the people” is an ancient practice that causes much bewilderment in modern Catholics.

The point of facing east is to emphasize the essential character of the liturgy: that of a procession out of time and into eternity in Heaven. We see and taste this procession in the course of the liturgy. The celebrant, standing in the person of Christ, leads the way, but we are all moving together, as a community and as the people of God, as part of the same procession that begins at the Introit, continues through the Offertory, and culminates with our reception of Holy Communion.

The practice offers a psychological and spiritual benefit. It permits the worshipper to contemplate the purely sacramental character of the Mass and focus less on the personality of the celebrant. From the celebrant’s point of view, it permits a more intense focus on the mystery of the sacrifice taking place rather than on the personalities of the worshippers.

Here are a few observations to keep in mind:

  1. Vatican Council II said nothing about the direction of the celebrant during Mass. It presupposed Mass ad Orientem. Mass facing east was the norm from ancient times and even during and after Vatican Council II. There has never been authoritative liturgical legislation requiring any change. The Roman Missal (official liturgical book from which Mass is celebrated) not only permits it, the rubrics actually presuppose it, (e.g., the priest is told to “turn toward the people” at the Orate Fratres (“Pray, brethren …)
  2. It has been the practice in the entire Church, East and West from time immemorial. Contrary to a prevailing misconception there is no evidence for celebration of Mass versus populum in the first nineteen centuries of the Church’s history, with rare exceptions. (Cf. The Spirit of the Liturgy, by Cardinal Ratzinger, pp. 74-84.) The practice of reducing an altar to a table for a service facing the people began only in the 16th century — with Martin Luther.
  3. Moving the altar closer to the nave, separating it from the reredos, and proclaiming the readings from the ambo are a welcome return to more ancient tradition and in harmony with the intent of Sacrosanctum Concilium. However, the almost universal celebration of the Mass versus populum, while permitted deprives the Mass of its traditional cosmic and eschatological symbolism.
  4. Churches have traditionally been constructed facing the rising sun. Facing East we are turned in expectation toward the Lord who is to come (eschatology) and we show that we are part of an act that goes beyond the church and community where we are celebrating, to the whole world (cosmos). In churches not facing geographical east, the Cross and Tabernacle become “liturgical East”.

The drama of salvation history is powerfully symbolized in the renewed liturgy when it is celebrated ad Orientem. The priest faces the people as he calls them to prayer. Then he turns to lead them in the common plea for mercy (Kyrie eleison). He prays on behalf of the people as he continues to face the Lord. He turns toward the people to proclaim the Word and instruct them. After receiving their gifts, he turns again to the Lord to offer the gifts to God. He then turns to the people to distribute the Risen Christ at the eucharistic banquet.

While there is some positive symbolism in Mass versus populum, there is also a very negative symbolism. “The turning of the priest toward the people has turned the community into a selfenclosed circle. In its outward form, it no longer opens out on what lies ahead and above, but is closed in on itself” (Ratzinger, p. 80).

“Despite all the variations in practice that have taken place far into the second millennium, one thing has remained clear for the whole of Christendom: praying toward the east is a tradition that goes back to the beginning. Moreover, it is a fundamental expression of the Christian synthesis of cosmos and history, of being rooted in the once-for-all events of salvation history while going out to meet the Lord who is to come again” (Ratzinger, The Spirit of the Liturgy, p. 75).

Memoriale Domini

These changes [i.e. communion under two kinds] have made of the eucharistic banquet and the faithful fulfillment of Christ’s command a clearer and more vital symbol. At the same time in recent years a fuller sharing in the eucharistic celebration through sacramental communion has here and there evoked the desire to return to the ancient usage of depositing the eucharistic bread in the hand of the communicant, he himself then communicating, placing it in his mouth.
Indeed, in certain communities and in certain places this practice has been introduced without prior approval having been requested of the Holy See, and, at times, without any attempt to prepare the faithful adequately.
It is certainly true that ancient usage once allowed the faithful to take this divine food in their hands and to place it in their mouths themselves.
It is also true that in very ancient times they were allowed to take the Blessed Sacrament with them from the place where the holy sacrifice was celebrated. This was principally so as to be able to give themselves Viaticum in case they had to face death for their faith.
However, the Church’s prescriptions and the evidence of the Fathers make it abundantly clear that the greatest reverence was shown the Blessed Sacrament, and that people acted with the greatest prudence. Thus, “let nobody … eat that flesh without first adoring it” As a person takes (the Blessed Sacrament) he is warned: “…receive it: be careful lest you lose any of it.” “For it is the Body of Christ.”
Further, the care and the ministry of the Body and Blood of Christ was specially committed to sacred ministers or to men specially designated for this purpose: “When the president has recited the prayers and all the people have uttered an acclamation, those whom we call deacons distribute to all those present the bread and wine for which thanks have been given, and they take them to those who are absent.”
Soon the task of taking the Blessed Eucharist to those absent was confided to the sacred ministers alone, so as the better to ensure the respect due to the sacrament and to meet the needs of the faithful. Later, with a deepening understanding of the truth of the eucharistic mystery, of its power and of the presence of Christ in it, there came a greater feeling of reverence towards this sacrament and a deeper humility was felt to be demanded when receiving it. Thus the custom was established of the minister placing a particle of consecrated bread on the tongue of the communicant.
This method of distributing holy communion must be retained, taking the present situation of the Church in the entire world into account, not merely because it has many centuries of tradition behind it, but especially because it expresses the faithful’s reverence for the Eucharist. The custom does not detract in any way from the personal dignity of those who approach this great sacrament: it is part of that preparation that is needed for the most fruitful reception of the Body of the Lord.

Sacred Congregation for Divine Worship – Memoriale Domini (Instruction on the Manner of Distributing Holy Communion) – 29 May 1969

Come accostarsi alla santa Comunione

160. Poi il sacerdote prende la patena o la pisside e si reca dai comunicandi, che normalmente si avvicinano processionalmente.
Non è permesso ai fedeli prendere da se stessi il pane consacrato o il sacro calice, tanto meno passarselo di mano in mano. I fedeli si comunicano in ginocchio o in piedi, come stabilito dalla Conferenza Episcopale. Quando però si comunicano stando in piedi, si raccomanda che, prima di ricevere il Sacramento, facciano la debita riverenza, da stabilire dalle stesse norme.

161. Se la Comunione si fa sotto la sola specie del pane, il sacerdote, eleva alquanto l’ostia e la presenta a ciascuno dicendo: Il Corpo di Cristo. Il comunicando risponde: Amen, e riceve il sacramento in bocca o, nei luoghi in cui è stato permesso, sulla mano, come preferisce. Il comunicando appena ha ricevuto l’ostia sacra, la consuma totalmente.

(Ordinamento Generale del Messale Romano)

La Conferenza episcopale italiana, avvalendosi della concessione prevista dal Rito della comunione fuori della messa e culto eucaristico, con delibera della XXXI assemblea generale (14-19 maggio 1989), dopo la richiesta «recognitio» della Santa Sede, concessa con decreto della Congregazione per il culto divino e la disciplina dei sacramenti in data 14 luglio 1989, n. CD 311/89, ha stabilito, mediante decreto dell’e.mo presidente card. Ugo Poletti, n. 571/89 del 19 luglio 1989, che nelle diocesi italiane si possa distribuire la comunione ancheponendola sulla mano dei fedeli.

Il modo consueto di ricevere la comunione deponendo la particola sulla lingua rimane del tutto conveniente e i fedeli potranno scegliere tra l’uno e l’altro modo.

For the USA:

160. The Priest then takes the paten or ciborium and approaches the communicants, who usually come up in procession.
It is not permitted for the faithful to take the consecrated Bread or the sacred chalice by themselves and, still less, to hand them on from one to another among themselves. The norm established for the Dioceses of the United States of America is that Holy Communion is to be received standing, unless an individual member of the faithful wishes to receive Communion while kneeling (Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, Instruction, Redemptionis Sacramentum, March 25, 2004, no. 91).
When receiving Holy Communion, the communicant bows his or her head before the Sacrament as a gesture of reverence and receives the Body of the Lord from the minister. The consecrated host may be received either on the tongue or in the hand, at the discretion of each communicant. When Holy Communion is received under both kinds, the sign of reverence is also made before receiving the Precious Blood.

161. If Communion is given only under the species of bread, the Priest raises the host slightly and shows it to each, saying, The Body of Christ. The communicant replies, Amen, and receives the Sacrament either on the tongue or, where this is allowed, in the hand, the choice lying with the communicant. As soon as the communicant receives the host, he or she consumes the whole of it.

For England and Wales:

In the Dioceses of England and Wales Holy Communion is to be received standing, though individual members of the faithful may choose to receive Communion while kneeling. However, when they communicate standing, it is recommended that the faithful bow in reverence before receiving the sacrament.

Permission for Communion in the hand for England and Wales was given 6 March 1976.